"Behind-the-border" government measures refer to domestic policies and regulations that a country implements, which can indirectly impact international trade. These measures are not directly related to customs or border control but can influence the costs and operations of businesses engaged in cross-border trade. Regarding public health, such measures can significantly affect how healthcare products, including pharmaceuticals, are regulated, priced, and distributed within a country. These measures can restrict the policy space for public health in several ways. For example, stringent domestic regulations on pharmaceuticals could limit the types of medicines available in a country or impact their pricing. This could potentially make essential drugs less accessible or more expensive for the population, thereby impacting public health outcomes. Additionally, if these regulations are particularly complex or costly to comply with, they might deter foreign pharmaceutical companies from entering the market, leading to reduced competition and higher prices for medicines. > In summary, while these measures often aim to protect public health and safety, they can also create challenges for international trade and impact the availability and affordability of healthcare products in the domestic market.