The power corporate actors in driving global health policy 1. Growing power of MNCs 1. Absence of supranational body that regulates them in global health governance 2. Economic power of MNCs 3. Nature of MNCs: legal person, but 4. Increasing influence of MNCs in global policymaking 5. [[@buseGlobalPublicPrivate2000]] noted, private is interested to partner with UN agencies because of several reasons: growing influence in global policymaking, influence in national policymaking, direct financial benefits from tax breaks, tax holiday, market identification and penetration, 2. NGOs and CSOs relation with MNCs 1. MNCs or private sector can create a subsidiary not-for-profit organisation that might classify as NGO or CSO and serves the interest of the private sector. 2. Immunisation is one example where public and private partnership serves both interest. 3. Negative example: where the private still wants to gain profit. CSO in this sense, functions primarily utilizing [[information politics]]. 3. The problem with [[self-regulation]] of MNCs 1. market standards 2. social standards 3. Evidence of exercising structural power and institutional power and avoid compulsory regulation. 4. [[The global investment regime shows how public health concerns can be subordinated to the interests of private firms]] 5. [[@thelancetInvestmentHealthKey2019]] 6. For example, from [[@moodieProfitsPandemicsPrevention2013]], UK relied on nudge theory to regulate [[unhealthy commodity industries]] and had been criticised by British public health advocates. 7. [[Patent system is designed to provide incentives where there is an active and healthy economy]] 8. [[TRIPS agreement was widely criticised for protecting the rights of corporations owning patents over the welfare of those whose well-being depends on access to the products]] 4. [[shrinking policy space]] of states in the presence of trade above public health 1. No wonder [[@wongPolycrisisMetacrisisHarnessing2024]] advocated [[health as a political choice]] for future global health leaders. 2. Example of [[Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)]] case of Australia and plain packaging, producing [[chilling effect]] for other countries. 5. Growth-led development, and thus, Development is inherently political 1. Contrast with [[Health-led development means investing in health is not the means of its end but rather as a direction to stimulate development]] 6. The role of global health organization in bridging the divide. 1. [[@gostinWorldHealthOrganization2024]] need to guide the policy, for example [[Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] 2. WHO and other institution is increasingly considering engagement not only with [[Non-state actors]] but also with corporations. One paper argued, [[@buseGlobalPublicPrivate2000]] that UN also interested to partner with private because it can harness private sector for human development and will solidy legitimacy of UN among influential national congress, such as the American Congress. The interest's seed was seenn during the 1990s where the narrative changed from 'freeing' market to 'modifying' market. ## Related Notes [[transnational actors (TNAs)]] [[MNCs]]